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孟庆涛 阅读技能训练

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admin 发表于 2012-11-29 17:18:22 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式

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阅读技能是《英语课程标准》要求学生掌握的核心技能之一。但在平时的阅读教学中,教师经常将大部分精力放在指导和帮助学生学习语言知识上,很少有教师针对培养和提高学生的阅读技能进行系统的、有计划的训练。这种现状促使我决定开设一个阅读技能训练专栏,希望通过这个专栏,将各项阅读技能相对集中地作一介绍,尽量展示运用各种技能的思维过程,共同探讨运用阅读技巧的步骤和方法。真诚希望这个专栏能够起到抛砖引玉的作用,能够吸引广大教师加入讨论,以便群策群力,共同探索培养学生阅读技能的有效途径。
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阅读技能(1)— 预测(上)
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% A! x1 Z3 l/ Q: S0 u预测是指读者在阅读之前,根据文章提供的各种线索,结合读者已有的知识和经验,对文章的主题、内容、写作方式等预先进行的推测和判断。预测可以激发和调动读者已有的知识,使新信息更易理解和吸收,同时还会使读者对所读文章产生某种期待。当读者带着这种期待去阅读文章时,就会努力为他们的猜想寻找证据,从而把注意力更加集中在文章的内容上。因此,积极主动地进行预测是提高阅读效率的重要手段。
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一、利用标题、插图进行预测
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5 u/ L# ?( r. L$ x6 w$ U一个好的标题总能体现文章的主旨和作者的中心意图,而插图通常从直观的角度帮助读者更加全面地理解文章,有时还会起到画龙点睛的作用。因此,标题和插图经常是读者预测文章主题的主要依据。
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阅读下列文章标题,每个标题后都给出四种关于文章内容的猜测。仔细领会各标题的含义,然后从其后面的四个选项中,选出最有可能概括文章内容的选项,并说明选择的理由。# L0 U- [6 q, }
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1. Leading ladies
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( C6 N; |9 x( i" S& @# e; OA. Women who are healthily thin  @6 D# v. U3 n# \/ A4 q9 W% _  c; d- v

) r( K9 _: ~3 e; h; ?9 N9 }1 uB. Women leaders with major political power
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C. Lovely women around the world
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D. Women who don’t have a good sense of direction) G3 U' O3 _$ ]1 ]. D. G3 l
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2. Think before you jog…
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A. The pleasure of jogging
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$ x' Z! r5 H" yB. Statistics about the number of joggers
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! V7 L5 v- J$ a. k* {C. The dangers of jogging
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$ i$ d$ s+ x4 w8 `% f6 q. XD. The popularity of jogging in the USA
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% S: t/ M0 ^# P& t. Q3. 500 jobs to go% y. ^% r. H5 n3 Y8 R
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A. 500 jobs will be created as a factory opens.
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, b- f+ k" p7 T" N% Y# zB. 500 persons will have to move to another town to keep their jobs.0 L( F( c0 a' {% f

9 j7 X# B* f0 ~1 C& HC. 500 jobs will be lost as a factory closes.( y& {+ r" P; ]! d- {! I% M. @

. h6 I- q: R3 T3 C  ND. The result of a study on the best 500 jobs.
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" {7 E  ~+ p8 S7 ?当然,围绕文章标题进行预测的训练形式多种多样,比如我们还可以围绕文章的标题提出问题(这些问题经常会以what, who, when, where, why, how等疑问词开头)。以下面的题目为例:
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        Clothing wins gold (P6, Issue 329, Senior 2 Edition, 21st Century Teens): g5 n7 |* O& D! ]3 t- O

9 U  K8 U9 H0 G0 G5 `2 |6 Q0 r        我们可能提问以下问题:1 a/ R  q2 X* |3 n8 ]
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        What clothing wins gold?( A& Q. |* m8 X+ s
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        How does clothing win gold?
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. g2 Z) V. Z6 n! O& N# V        Who wear such clothing?: a( W: n7 {6 r! Y& l; F1 v2 v
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然后我们带着这些问题去阅读文章,看看哪些问题能从文章中找到答案,哪些问题文章中没有涉及。通过对这些问题的思考、提问和解答,我们加强了与作者的沟通与交流,从而更好地从阅读中体验认同、体验新知、体验惊喜。
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二、利用语篇知识进行预测6 ]& j6 q5 v$ K5 l& m( e

, U/ ?. [% u. a- \预测作为一种积极、有效的阅读策略,其应用不仅仅局限于文章的主旨大意。事实上,预测可以在段落之间、段落之内、甚至句子之内等不同的层面上进行。为了更有效地预测文章的内容,提高速度与准确性,我们还必须掌握一定的语篇知识,比如不同体裁文章的宏观结构、段落的特征(定义、分类、描述、分析、比较与对照、概括与论证等)、段落主题句、语篇标志词等等。另外,不同体裁的文章还有不同的词汇范围及句法形式,了解这些特征,对于学会宏观把握篇章结构也是十分重要的。% C+ h# F6 f. |6 L+ z

  E; D9 f7 H( V- M" Y我们来看下面的例子。有一篇文章这样开头:
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4 }7 R1 j" Q5 NNever mind the athletes. The real battle in Beijing is not the struggle to top the medal table, but…& ?) Z+ t$ D8 J  G

, Y; Q# l! [/ d9 a- v8 y+ e" v' O4 f根据表示转折的but,我们预测下面可能出现的是主题句,并且是奖牌大战之外的另外一场战争。原文紧接着是:3 m5 m) {! v; g. k& d7 c' W3 B; H

2 A# z- m- r0 ~- ?% M6 V7 s        but the multi-million-dollar fight between two giant brands to conquer the fastest-growing sportswear market in the world. Adidas and Nike have spent the biggest sums trying to woo Chinese consumers during the Olympics. (Battle of brands, P2, Issue 329, Senior 1 Edition, 21st Century Teens)
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1 I$ u. T3 r' V! H7 t    据此主题,我们可以比较有把握地预测,下文将详细描述阿迪达斯和耐克两大巨头在奥运幕后的运动品牌大战。1 }$ E4 C; {) h2 @2 V% G

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 楼主| admin 发表于 2012-11-29 17:19:02 | 显示全部楼层
阅读技能(1)— 预测(下)# T7 t8 L- x5 h5 e
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三、利用阅读理解题训练预测* G# P" t. _5 q2 T9 @# B
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    在日常的英语学习中,学生经常做阅读理解题,而这些题目恰恰是训练预测能力很好的载体。我们来看下面的例子。" X& Z- e" b' T3 u' s/ o1 z7 a* X

5 |/ h8 Z5 N8 t) \/ |    仔细阅读下列问题(08高考浙江卷阅读理解A篇试题),尤其注意题干部分。然后说一说依据这些问题我们能对文章的大意和内容做出哪些预测。/ C- x/ a' R9 x; ~& D2 S) |
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        41. How did Adrian communicate with other children in the special school?
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% X, Q' D  P9 v1 o4 t7 J        A. By speaking.                          B. By using sign language., e5 n6 R) _/ f9 i2 r

' }8 S" g/ N6 R        C. By reading lips.                     D. By making loud noises.+ X: M3 ?0 H1 `4 s# ^8 s5 D

% k5 ~, \, {3 o/ u# y5 p5 r        42. Adrian’s parents decided to send him to a regular school because ________.
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        A. they wanted him to live a normal life.: v/ y8 u- E3 [: X1 |2 N8 ?

3 Z( [0 b, P) a! L) D1 f        B. they wanted to prove the headmaster wrong.2 \3 |6 D3 O5 V7 W( j# C

5 Q6 t% |9 j1 ^& f2 F+ r9 L( i        C. he wouldn’t mix with other disabled children.
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        D. he wasn’t taken good care of in the special school.& c* F) t: e+ V. a

' g' G1 H5 A4 {5 X6 R1 H3 q/ [6 ~        43. How did Adrian finally succeed in his study?
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4 @0 O9 l# S: O; ~' a        A. He did a lot of outdoor activities.5 i9 Z( i; M4 p1 ~( p) \
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        B. He was pushed hard to study every day.
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        C. He attended private classes after school.
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        D. He worked very hard both in and after class.+ \5 F' T" `1 m

$ r- X, r5 U. P, ~        44. Why is Adrian’s life described as an “Amazing Race”?
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$ k5 s( Q) L6 y/ T$ E        A. He did very well in his study., e, ]. L5 e% u' D) f* s

! |2 y  \( B2 Q8 L        B. He succeeded in entering a regular school.% v" K/ x% t' |, Q4 v) u
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        C. He reached his goals in spite of his disability.6 d5 s: N4 S: B% P; o6 A1 m+ D- R
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        D. He took part in the World Yacht Race 05/06.
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5 q- i6 W8 A# i2 D    由于上面四个问题都围绕着Adrian这个人物提问,我们可以推断这是一篇记叙文,讲述一个叫Adrian的人的故事,故事里面可能包含如下内容:
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        1. Adrian ever studied in a special school.
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        2. Adrian communicated with other children (in a special way).. u0 R6 i8 r' V7 L3 O
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        3. Later Adrian’s parents sent him to a regular school.
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        4. Adrian finally achieved success in his study.' [$ ]0 n  s* b0 |5 m0 x

) m/ Z+ z7 S4 j$ q5 n5 `        5. Adrian’s life was described as an “Amazing Race”.# E/ I- |2 G& _6 n% p
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        6. Adrian took part in the World Yacht Race 05/06.
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        这样,通过研究文章后面列出的问题,我们在开始阅读前便对文章内容进行了一系列有一定根据的预测。阅读文章时,我们就会高度集中注意力,不断印证或修订前面的预测,使阅读过程成为一个读者与作者之间积极主动的交际过程。
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    值得一提的是,先读问题后读文章还是重要的应试技巧。先读问题可以提高阅读的针对性和实效性,使我们明确阅读的目的,知道文章中哪些内容应该仔细阅读,哪些内容可以一带而过,这对于难度较大的文章来说尤为重要。另外,有时候我们仅仅通过读题就可以对正确答案做出某种程度的预测。比如通过读上面四个问题,我们可以猜测第41题不大可能选A,第43题极有可能是在C和D之间做出选择,第44题不大可能选B等等,这无疑对提高做题的正确率会有所帮助。
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4 L4 o0 S3 w, P1 t    至此我们探讨了利用文章的标题和插图、运用语篇知识以及利用阅读理解题训练预测的技巧和方法。需要指出的是,在日常的阅读中,很多预测活动都是在无意识的状态下进行的,特别是对于高水平的读者来说更是如此。他们在阅读时经常会自动对作者下面要说的话做出假设,并在阅读过程中不断对其猜测做出验证或修订。但这并不是说训练和培养预测技能是没有意义的。事实上,有计划、有步骤地训练和培养预测能力,能促使读者加快获得这种能力,提高阅读理解的质量和深度。! I% @, T$ ], \0 Z& @- N. |5 g

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 楼主| admin 发表于 2012-11-29 17:19:58 | 显示全部楼层
阅读技能(2)— 把握主旨大意(上)
. J# |9 z) f1 y& y/ ]2 Q, l阅读中有时会出现这样的情况:我们能够读懂文章中的句子,但对文章整体上要表达什么意思却不甚明确,也就是说,我们缺乏对文章主旨大意的把握能力。那么究竟如何训练才能获得这项重要的阅读技能呢?下面我们就从段落和文章两个层面来探讨一下相关的技巧和方法。* |7 k5 s% }( @% c/ K

2 X( g, u; E( z+ c一、把握段落的主题2 T2 z  w0 ]  @9 e

7 [% b: i, }/ Y( S4 A# G(一)寻找主题句* Y4 Z7 Y" y) Z. }$ w' q4 Q% w6 d; i

& i, U1 C- A! W) ?抓住段落主题的捷径之一是在段落中寻找主题句。所谓主题句,是指能表达或概括段落主题或主要内容的句子,它通常是一个简洁、完整、具有概括性的句子,较多出现在说明文和议论文中,段落中的其他句子则围绕着主题句进行说明、解释或扩展。抓住了主题句,就等于抓住了段落的中心。
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$ j/ ?  s. Y/ K7 ^  K从理论上讲,主题句可以出现在段落的任何位置,比如有时主题句位于段落的末尾,有时作者会在段落的开头做一些背景知识的介绍,为主题句的出现作铺垫。但是,大多数的主题句都出现在段落的开头。
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% u& r/ |$ j: ~/ O7 M0 E快速阅读下面的段落,找出各段的主题句,然后仔细领会该段中其他的句子是如何支持主题句的。9 X) R* p' i$ ]+ \% I2 l
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1. The domestication of horses has had great effects on societies. For example, horses were important tools in the advancement of modern agriculture. Using them to pull ploughs and carry heavy loads allowed people to farm more efficiently. Before they were able to ride horses, humans had to cross land on foot. Riding horses allowed people to travel far greater distance in much less time. That encouraged populations living in different areas to interact with one another. The new from of rapid transportation helped cultures spread around the world. (08北京卷阅读理解B篇)1 r# P  |, Q2 x

0 e  G* r& g* U* z; E2. More than 10 years ago, it was difficult to buy a tasty pineapple (菠萝). The fruits that made it to the UK were green on the outside and, more often than not, hard with an unpleasant taste within. Then in 1996, the Del Monte Gold pineapple produced in Hawaii first hit our shelves. (08全国卷I阅读理解B篇)
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8 Q. O7 S' w: y  P, u) L- x( F3. In many parts of the world, people take naps (小睡) in the middle of the day. This is especially true in warmer climates (气候), where the heat makes work difficult in the early afternoon. Researchers are now saying that naps are good for everyone in any climate. A daily nap gives one a more rested body and mind and therefore is good for health in general. In countries where naps are traditional (传统的), people often suffer less from problems such as heart disease. (08四川卷阅读理解C篇)9 l* \; w0 I4 `

' ~7 R" g+ {0 Q; @" M. s(二)捕捉关键词6 A& W5 G3 m! u* q0 ^( b9 ]1 k; U0 N

. e/ M9 q/ R. l- b1 {在写作过程中,作者并不总是通过使用主题句的方式把段落主题呈现给读者,有时候作者会把主题隐含在段落的字里行间,需要读者在阅读时自己去总结。这时我们通常通过捕捉关键词来理解和归纳段落的大意。
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" B; W% W9 o' f7 k% [; S9 g所谓关键词,是指对理解和归纳段落大意起决定作用的词和词组。关键词以名词、动词、形容词等实词为主,通常会多次出现在段落当中。例如:% R, \. F! n+ b3 G
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Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few are to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. (Of studies — by Francis Bacon)5 z5 p+ m4 q4 W3 F/ p  \

* s; b1 h3 L) E$ [$ T在本段当中,我们可以发现下列关键词组:Some books — tasted,others — swallowed,some few — chewed and digested. 通过理解这些关键词,我们就可以归纳出这个段落的大意:Books are to be read in different ways.
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 楼主| admin 发表于 2012-11-29 17:20:38 | 显示全部楼层
阅读技能 ( 2 ) — 把握主旨大意 (下)
; {* T, D" h- T- o4 [二、把握文章的主旨4 F8 ~3 @, L& ~& s2 n
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    篇章和段落虽然在长度上有明显不同,但在结构上却非常相似。一般说来,段落首先由一个主题句引出,接着是一系列围绕主题句进行说明的支持句,最后是结尾句。同样,文章通常是由引言段、主体段和结尾段三部分组成。引言段揭示主题,主体段对主题分点阐述,结尾段则对全文归纳总结。因此,上期谈到的把握段落主题的技巧和方法,对把握篇章的主旨大意也很有借鉴意义。    3 S' ^; M/ d4 x( l: T; B

: B: ?) \9 R4 |2 T5 i/ Z    (一)研读文章的标题4 e% ~$ }+ R* w+ Q7 l* B
    和把握段落的主题一样,把握文章的主题也有捷径可走,那就是研读文章的标题。标题往往是一篇文章高度的凝炼和概括,理解了标题,就向理解文章的中心思想迈出了重要一步。有些文章除了主标题外还有副标题,更为我们把握文章的主旨提供了便利。例如:. K% f" Q# U# D1 _3 C
    主标题:, `* t. q$ H/ I$ W. }- r8 X
      Attractions in Wisconsin  v  u; n; D7 ^' ~6 V) Y. F
    副标题:
6 e) A) `6 g3 y" o          Wisconsin Historical Museum) v% S6 G8 V/ z0 r9 G" p/ V2 `
          Swiss historical village" P+ m4 U( G* y+ `5 s/ @6 Q+ D% M
          Artisan Gallery & Creamery Café( F1 H$ O( a3 u. z4 Z! b! i# O8 q
          Christopher Columbus Museum    : Z$ B" s  M9 @3 _! K/ d# L
        (08全国卷II阅读理解E篇)- `6 A. }/ m7 [7 W
    很显然,这是一篇介绍美国威斯康星州旅游景点的文章。这些标题不但帮助我们把握了文章的主旨大意,而且还能帮助我们理解文章具体的内容和走向,阅读的效率自然也就提高了。
7 S  D# K% |+ E1 u! i    (二)理解文章的结构9 S9 l9 H8 R6 i4 L& Y. Z
    如上所述,标题是文章的精髓,是文章主旨的抽象概括。同样由于这个特点,有时我们仅靠研读标题还无法弄清文章的大意。因此,为了准确把握文章的主旨,深刻理解文章的内涵,在仔细领会文章标题的同时,我们还需要从全文的高度把握文章的结构,弄清段落之间的修辞手段或逻辑关系。6 s) Z" B: q. S) Y3 E
    正像段落经常有主题句一样,一篇文章也会有一个主题段落。在这个段落里,作者会通过一个或几个能概括文章核心内容的句子来阐明文章的中心思想。但是,主题句和主题段落的特点也不尽相同,主题句可以出现在一段话中的任何位置,而主题段落的位置则比较固定,它通常出现在一篇文章的开始,也就是文章的首段(或者前两三段中的某段)中,这对于新闻报刊类文章来说尤其如此。了解了这个结构特点,我们就经常可以通过阅读文章的标题和首段,迅速抓住文章的主旨大意。0 _! R5 J; a& c, k: v7 r
    来看Teens高一版第329期8版上的例子:文章的标题是Opening act,单看这个标题,我们还无法了解文章的大体内容,读过首段之后,我们知道作者简要描述了北京奥运会开幕式,而在随后的文章中又有如下小标题:The Opening; Scroll; Writing; The Silk Road,读完这些内容,我们就能很容易地看出,这篇文章的中心内容是介绍奥运会开幕式的盛况。4 A1 s  R1 W  \. P1 J1 M/ [
    另外,无论是把握段落的主题还是把握整篇文章的主题,我们都采用略读(Skimming) 的方式。所谓略读,就是有选择地快速阅读。略读时,我们只看文章的标题和小标题,以及每个部分或者段落的第一行,并且关注文章中反复出现的关键词。略读的目的就是理解文章的主旨大意。
9 y  O4 Z" W0 Y. ?4 v! a    下面这篇文章只给出了标题、首段和后面各段的首句,它较好地再现了略读时的真实情景。快速浏览一下,看看我们能对文章的大意和具体内容了解多少。1 r# S$ D0 C+ Q0 `& y2 W
                                          Trains on track toward the future
. P% @+ Y- |' CMore often than not, a traditional (传统的) train ride reminds us of a boring period of time spent in a crowded cabin (车厢). But if you have the chance to take the Beijing-Tianjin bullet train, you will know a new era (时代) of riding a train has arrived.
! E% w. {! K2 A5 d6 O        The inter-city passenger train's highest speed is 350km per hour, which is said to be the fastest in the world……………………………………………………
6 E0 A- Z3 N! G& ~! e2 ~; j6 c8 y        But speed is not the only amazing fact…………………………………………………
- s) E6 ^" G* a( h        And other countries are updating their trains…………………………………………- `: {8 ~9 ]0 ?: f/ L
        Some of its trains have been equipped (装备) with WiFi Internet services……………# n7 `0 Z. Q4 {$ t% u% N+ S
        (P4, Issue 332, Senior 1 edition)6 j6 z# V6 f2 \! A8 O& l+ D, g4 c/ \
    总之,阅读文章时应特别留意标题、首段、插图等,以便对文章内容有一个大致了解,这不但能帮助我们确定是否有兴趣进一步阅读该文章,而且还能帮助理解文章的走向,确定阅读的“调子”。特别是对于难度较大的文章,这种“自上而下”的阅读方式非常有效。) s) x& ^, G6 o* R; F

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 楼主| admin 发表于 2012-11-29 17:21:18 | 显示全部楼层
阅读技能(3)— 找读具体信息(上)
& {" w+ N9 A' @6 [5 v- E8 M找读(Scanning)又叫寻读,就是从大量的资料中查找某一具体事实或某一特定信息,而对其他无关部分略去不读的快速阅读方法,比如在电话簿中寻找某个朋友的电话号码,在机场寻找某个航班的飞行时刻,在图书馆查找书刊的目录,在文献中查找某一数字,在词典里查找某个单词等等。这种方法能使我们在最短的时间内掠过尽可能多的资料,找到所需要的信息。
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找读和略读一样,都是快速阅读的技巧,但它们也各自具有不同的特点:略读时读者事先对材料一无所知,而找读则是在读者对材料有所了解的情况下进行的;略读的目的是把握文章的大意,而找读的目的是寻找某一特定的事实或信息;略读只求抓住文章的大概,不需要深入理解,而找读既要保证阅读的速度,又要做到准确无误。
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4 e, j0 V, L: u) o9 M3 n$ O3 Q为了同时保证速度和准确性,找读时必须有明确的阅读目标。也就是说,在开始找读之前,我们心中已非常明确要寻找的内容是什么,然后我们再运用各种技巧,到文章中迅速定位,找到相关的信息。具体地讲,我们应注意运用以下技巧:% O: u4 c8 `1 @) m. T
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3 k0 L) q- V6 P, s1 n/ Q* d/ j1 h
6 ?: M( @# a. R/ M. ~/ G1. 利用资料的编排特点
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2 O3 P* u' ^8 K$ g2 Q0 Z3 e资料的内容总是按照某种逻辑方法排列的,比如参考书目、电话号码等多半按字母顺序排列,电视节目是按日期和时间排列的;而历史资料则按年代排列等等。把握了这个特点,我们就可以迅速跳过无关的内容,到相应的位置查找所需信息。. y# G0 T" N2 C5 x' M0 T( ]# }
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2. 利用章节的标题说明+ |! p: K0 D5 S2 E8 ?
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对不同的读者来说,每篇文章都包含很多无用的信息。找读时我们应充分利用文章或章节的标题,确定文章是否包含自己所需要的内容,或者哪一部分包含所需内容,然后直接去阅读那个部分。
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% U, H$ d- a, W9 W3. 利用文中的提示词
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; L& W4 _) i! y* X在找到包含所需信息的章节后,要注意发现与所找信息相关的提示词,然后仔细阅读,认真分析,找到所需要的信息。
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运用上面介绍的找读具体信息的技巧,看看你在多少时间内能够准确回答以下问题,别忘了用计时器!
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Questions:
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1. How many students do public universities usually have?: e- i# p# v2 Q! [: S! C% k5 Z
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2. Where is Connecticut College located?
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5 }  l' r/ X  c9 t# j3. What is the cost to study at Connecticut College each year?
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* z$ K% U9 M: S2 ?( Y5 S4. Who can we write to if we have more questions about American colleges?5 L0 U3 n7 n" N" \

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Which school is for you?5 t0 d- y4 `+ [, o0 j

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! G* ^# {8 S3 \+ g; Q6 tWelcome back to the new school year! Read this column to learn about different types of American colleges.
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* `4 Z+ m$ M! Q! k' ]Private liberal arts colleges, which are the most popular, have about 2,000 students; private universities often have 3,000 to 6,000 students, public universities have from 10,000 to 50,000 students; and women's colleges usually have 1,500 to 2,000 students.3 ^+ b# l2 F8 k) t( v: j8 u
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Descriptions of the colleges can be found on the school's website, which is a good starting point to learn more. Use e-mail to write to the admissions officer and ask how many Chinese students are on campus, the total cost for a year at the college, the financial aid situation at the college, and if the college requires the SATs.6 E2 `' x& w7 S4 f

' b6 B5 d2 e8 RAll American colleges are eager to get Chinese students because they know that many Chinese work hard in school, and the colleges want to add international students to their community because diversity of students helps everyone learn how different kinds of people think.' L& |/ W) k5 F8 g9 T8 Y

) v2 Z1 K7 X+ r/ L; D. I  X# B/ d) \1 [Besides those household universities such as Harvard and Yale, one of the first on your list could be Connecticut College in New England. It is a private, coed, liberal arts college where every student lives on campus. It's a college where students don't lock their bicycles or dormitory rooms. Connecticut College has small classes with 10 to 19 students per class or lab. It costs about $48,000 a year for all expenses including travel and books. Connecticut College is known for its study abroad program where more than half of the students spend one semester or one year studying in another country. Connecticut College gives about $3 million in need-based financial aid to international students. Very important for you, SATs are not required.  B. |: ~- I0 n8 Q1 @

7 P  u" J$ T* RBe sure to e-mail other college questions that you may have to Joyce Slayton Mitchell at the 21st Century office: liujinmei@21stcentury.com.cn
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 楼主| admin 发表于 2012-11-29 17:21:48 | 显示全部楼层
阅读技能(3)— 找读具体信息(下); Q$ d* D, i- Y& s5 h
作为一种快速查找信息的阅读技巧,找读在考试中的应用也十分广泛,比如大部分考查事实和细节的阅读理解题都可以通过找读的方式来解决。特别是应用文体裁的文章,由于信息量大,并且经常包含很多与做题无关的信息,更要求我们熟练掌握和利用找读技巧,以便在最短的时间内找到问题的答案。下面我们就以应用文为例,谈谈在做阅读理解题时如何利用找读技巧。
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1. 先读题目后读文章
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" C& G& H+ |& T9 D做阅读理解题时,先读文章还是先看试题应视个人习惯和具体情况而定,比如要看文章是什么体裁,文章后面是什么类型的问题等。但是对于应用文、说明文等体裁的文章,我们通常先读题目,弄清题目中要求我们理解什么,然后带着问题有目的地阅读。
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. V/ P$ ?: C3 Q7 u5 |8 E2. 充分利用问题中的关键词" m$ j$ S' I5 r: M& O' Y+ _; _
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问题中的关键词是指能反映问题的中心信息或能体现问题最大特征的词。我们来看08全国卷II阅读理解E篇后面的问题。
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57. Which of the following is on Capitol Square?1 V7 W* j* V) c  m3 ?  O$ F4 Z
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A. Wisconsin Historical Museum.                  B. Swiss Historical Village.
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9 N; y: a8 H& h% x/ ~C. Artisan Gallery & Creamery Café.        D. Christopher Columbus Museum.0 U7 E2 ?9 ?# h/ f
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58. Where can you go for a visit on Monday?# ?, |' `6 F: b* x
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A. Wisconsin Historical Museum.             B. Swiss Historical Village.& N* f1 O# m5 @) u* _* L) V' a

4 N8 l" {% I+ n* f9 e4 D" n' l2 pC. Artisan Gallery & Creamery café.        D. Christopher Columbus Museum.
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1 {& E+ l* u" C' a& s$ y& I6 S59. Where can visitors have lunch?
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* ?* ?3 P; B3 q" t2 T) n: N$ N$ eA. At Wisconsin Historical Museum.         B. At Swiss Historical Village.
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C. At Artisan Gallery & Creamery Café.   D. At Christopher Columbus Museum.
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/ T& r# e4 Z$ K- @1 |60. We learn from the text that ________.2 W6 z* i% A; @2 p- p
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A. Swiss Historical Village is open for half a year, J' B! W" [( W/ Q1 l" z

- F+ j- H& C5 ~+ MB. Christopher Columbus Museum overlooks a river
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C. tickets are needed for Wisconsin Historical Museum
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7 o' T4 V/ B# G7 |3 ?( JD. Artisan Gallery & Creamery Café are open daily for 4 hours  [+ U5 H2 i! M$ l! R+ ~. {
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通过读题可知,第57题要求我们到文章中查找一个坐落在Capitol Square上的地点,因此Capitol Square是问题的关键词;第58题问的是on Monday我们可以参观什么地方,所以on Monday是关键词组;第59题要求说出游客们可以have lunch的某个地点,lunch自然就成为该题的关键; 而第60题的关键词比较多,每个选项中都有关键词,即:half a year,overlooks a river,tickets和open daily for 4 hours,并且只有一个表述是正确的,做这种题比较稳妥的方式是到文章中逐一落实信息的真伪。
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. C; ^- K' l- S* Z6 I  E    除了上述关键词之外,问题中的疑问词通常也是该问题的关键。我们可以通过它们预判回答问题时可能用到的词的类型。比如回答Who引导的问题时,应当是某个人名;回答Where引导的问题时,应当是某个地名;回答How many引导的问题时,应当是个数字等等。
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4 ?" C& {6 ^) [# L1 f3. 以“找”为主,以“读”为辅
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        确定好关键词后,我们就可以运用上期谈到的找读技巧,到文章中查找与关键词相关的信息和线索。查找时应当注意,我们主要是“找”而不是“读”,也就是说,我们要心中牢记关键词,视线以扫描的方式在文字上迅速掠过,当发现与关键词相关的内容后,就要集中精力,认真分析该部分内容和问题的选项,找到最佳答案。; {% n3 h: b" l( G
 楼主| admin 发表于 2012-11-29 17:22:18 | 显示全部楼层
阅读技能(4)— 猜测词义(上)3 W3 i1 b/ Q! @5 j' p3 X
许多同学反映,制约他们阅读水平的主要因素是词汇。由于词汇量不够,导致理解困难,速度缓慢,最终失去阅读的兴趣。诚然,阅读的确需要以认识一定数量的词汇为前提,但是造成阅读困难的原因远远不像上面描述的那样简单。例如:绝大多数英语单词都有多种含义,即使我们认识某个单词,阅读时还要将它放在具体的语境中去理解它是哪种含义,这就要求我们具备在上下文中理解词义的能力。另外,如果缺乏相关的背景知识,即便认识文章中所有的词汇,也不一定能够保证阅读顺利进行。" i5 r8 t) e7 c; B: R  M* Z9 \

  a7 R' o1 |+ M, ]+ A8 E0 i  事实上,导致阅读困难的原因是多方面的,比如阅读的目的是否明确,阅读的方法是否得当,相关的背景知识和阅读技能是否具备等等,而不见得主要是词汇问题。况且对于阅读中遇到的大部分生词,我们还可以利用多种线索去猜测它们的含义。8 R8 _' p3 m( o0 R& P

7 j" C( b( y4 o( C8 S' u- {  一、结构线索
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  运用结构线索猜测词义是解读生词最常用的技巧之一。它包括分析单词在句中的语法功能和运用构词法两个方面。/ b, Q7 o5 U& _" y4 [
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  (一)单词的句法功能
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1 }7 S0 p. G" T% C  通过观察生词在句中的位置,我们至少能够判断它的词性,从而明确要寻找的是哪种含义,这是向理解生词迈出的重要一步。例如:The haughty miser agreed.
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  为了理解这句话的意思,我们可以从分析生词的句法作用入手:
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  1. 冠词The和动词agreed提示我们,haughty和miser之中必定有一个名词;
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$ J# c% K$ p' e8 m* w! ~  2. haughty看上去像是一个形容词,因为-y是常见的构成形容词的后缀。如果是这样的话,miser就是名词;
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  3. 如果haughty是名词,miser也应该是名词,这是因为:①miser所处的位置决定了它要么是名词,要么是副词;②miser不大可能是副词,因为在这个位置上的副词要么以-ly结尾,要么是为数极少的常见副词,如soon, then等。0 h/ {* ~- j+ C5 c  q' I( z9 m+ z  K

% @' q: ]+ M% l' Z$ s$ z  然而我们对miser的了解还不止于此,我们可能会用man, people等词来替代miser,而不会用诸如wall, tree这样的词,这是因为wall, tree等几乎不可能和agreed搭配。在此基础上我们发现,haughty可能的含义会因miser意义范围的缩小而变得更加有限。
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  分析句法作用的过程有时让人感到枯燥乏味,但幸运的是,这种分析通常都不太困难。虽然它还不能保证我们确定生词的具体含义,但是已经大大缩小了生词意义的范围。) I4 b4 ~, S: w, s& Q3 Q" T. `2 I! d

6 H, G3 n$ V/ N$ n9 {; G' m  (二)构词法
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  英语单词的字母排列是有规律可循的,许多单词是通过词根、前缀、后缀以及单词的组合演变而成。词根为单词提供一个基本意义,而前缀、后缀等则对词义加以修饰或改变。因此,掌握单词的结构规律,不仅有利于单词的记忆,而且对猜测词义有很大帮助。我们来总结一下常见的词缀。
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  1. 有些前缀和后缀可以改变词根的词性,例如:
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  ①-ly可加在大多数形容词之后构成副词,如:quick→quickly; easy→easily; actual→actually; main→mainly等。! {0 Q& X5 D2 A

0 a) D8 @, m: d2 \4 b$ o/ Z  ②en-; -ize和-ify可以加在许多名词和形容词之上构成动词,如:able→enable; courage→encourage; real→realize; American→Americanize; modern→modernize; hospital→hospitalize; pure→purify; beauty→beautify; simple→simplify; identity→identify等。" N( N3 m+ n$ R) d/ o

. q2 l6 p% K7 {  ③-ment和-ation可以加在许多动词之后构成名词,如:develop→development; pay→payment; move→movement; govern→government; admire→admiration; examine→examination; explain→explanation; pronounce→pronunciation等。
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4 v# t# \8 D: |0 @& M& O  ④-ty, -ity和-ness可以加在许多形容词之后构成名词,如:cruel→cruelty; certain→certainty; stupid→stupidity; major→majority; kind→kindness; happy→happiness等。
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  ⑤-able可以加在许多动词之后构成形容词,如:wash→washable; enjoy→enjoyable; love→lovable; change→changeable等。! O. E, Y9 [8 P1 n9 q
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  ⑥-al, -y, -ic, -ical, -ful可以加在许多名词之后构成形容词,如:convention→conventional; face→facial; guilt→guilty; hunger→hungry; poet→poetic; fantasy→fantastic; commerce→commercial; chemistry→chemical; help→helpful; doubt→doubtful等。9 S. w9 V) a( Z9 Q- G- o

5 B0 W) H! _6 l  {9 ^, [5 v  2. 有些词缀,如un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, non-, dis-, de-等,可以加在许多词之前改变词根的词义,构成反义词,例如:important→unimportant; fortunate→unfortunate; dependent→independent; attention→inattention; possible→impossible; moral→immoral; legal→illegal; logical→illogical; regular→irregular; relevant→irrelevant; fiction→nonfiction; stop→nonstop; appear→disappear; cover→discover; value→devalue; increase→decrease等。
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  需要注意的是,这样构成的词并不总是恰好反义的,有可能只是含义稍稍不同。
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  3. 有些词缀,如-er, -or, -less等,既可以改变词根的词性,也可以改变词根的词义,例如:drive→driver; open→opener; visit→visitor; advise→advisor; care→careless; pain→painless等。2 n# S* j  k7 `5 J
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  另外,英语中还有数量可观的合成词,它们由两个或两个以上独立的单词按照一定的顺序排列而成,例如:software; playground; secondhand; homework等。只要掌握了组成合成词的各个单词的意思,也就自然能够猜测出合成词的意思。
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  总之,在平时的词汇学习中,我们应注意观察、总结和掌握英语单词的拼写规律,以便阅读中碰到生词的时候,可以借助词根、词缀以及单词组合的规律,猜测生词的含义。
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 楼主| admin 发表于 2012-11-29 17:22:56 | 显示全部楼层
阅读技能(4)— 猜测词义(下)
8 ]8 w- c) f- j! ]) C; Q% a上下文线索
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6 @/ M2 L$ q; k  M1 q# N猜测词义的另一类重要线索来自于上下文。上下文指的是生词所处的语言环境,也就是包含生词的句子或段落。在很多情况下,我们都可以通过分析生词和它周围单词的关系猜测生词的含义。那么上下文通常会以什么方式提供猜词线索呢?5 {: `  Y$ R2 M- t

& f9 E) R* X% c" U* \  e(一)定义和解释
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# D5 z8 C: i+ o' H3 A9 ~( }! n) \作者在文章中有时会对某一名词下定义或做出解释,说明该名词是什么,或是关于什么的。通过这种解释,我们可以清楚地了解这一名词的具体意义,例如:7 p0 |) n+ z; |1 k( D. O, b

! G# ~7 V+ e9 T. b! J* t% K/ f①Jack is now a florist, who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.
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3 `- u' l. J) gflorist的意思就是其后定语从句who keeps a shop for selling flowers所描述的“拥有一家专门卖花的商店的人”,即“花店主”。& @  n6 n6 |% G! G

4 `( A# ^% H6 b# N②Another habit which can slow your reading is called “subvocalization”. In this case your lips do not move, but you still “hear” each word in your head as you read silently.; P# o- `) u6 i0 l+ t" ?- t) z

( V0 d" x$ `9 W8 q5 f很显然,subvocalization后面的句子是对该词的解释,由此可以推断出subvocalization是“默读”的意思。( _0 A& }, C0 C5 b+ I
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认真理解这种定义和解释,比查阅词典更能确切地掌握某一生词或词组的准确含义。但令人遗憾的是,这个线索在很多情况下被忽略了,因此我们有必要了解作者下定义或作解释的一般方法:& ]4 q( T+ x0 v3 V

" W, K/ Y4 \' \1 R; O( n7 Y9 B◆运用to be (是), mean (意指), refer to (指), be defined as (被定义为), be known as (被称为), be called (被称为) 等词或词组,如:The grand slam, as you know, refers to a situation in which you win all of a set of important competitions in a particular sport in the same year.
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( s0 h% @8 ?$ ^5 r: j2 R◆ 运用定语从句或同位语从句,如:He ended up to be an anthropologist, a person who studies humankind.
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8 [4 h: A5 k# Z. ]/ z3 i6 g◆运用破折号、括号等标点符号,如:Tim was ecstatic — that is, he was wildly happy — when he received the invitation.
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(二)列举和例证
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作者有时会使用举例的方法澄清不熟悉的单词的含义,这些例子经常能帮助我们猜测生词,例如:
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①You can borrow these periodicals from the library, such as Nature, New Society, News Weekly, Readers’ Digest, People, and so on.
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②The “terrible twos” are so called because children at that age are often intractable; for example, they have a will of their own and may refuse to obey.
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+ T% c" l# S5 e(三)同义和近义* y. c% s% _# \* w6 @4 b: V) o

6 ?2 E& @* E8 d- D1 s在写作过程中,作者为了避免重复,经常会使用同义词或近义词,有时则将两个或多个同义词放在一起以示强调。只要我们认识这组词中的一个,就能推测出该组词中生词的大致含义,例如:
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2 y, T# M# p% V) C/ r①If you happened to be sitting in the woods outside the city, you might have witnessed a strange sight. You would have seen a very proud looking man riding along horseback, saying something., b/ @5 l$ V% z/ P" |; ~' P5 Y: N* h

0 z- S7 X! H# X% F2 E- C②Mother was tall, fat and middle-aged. The principal of the school was an older woman, almost as plump as mother, and much shorter.# d) ^9 ?6 }7 l% P
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(四)比较和对照5 ~1 M; j8 a, q, Q
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有时候生词所在的上下文中包含与该生词形成比较和对照的词汇、描述等线索。这种比较和对照能够衬托出生词的含义,或者暗示我们需要猜测的生词不会是某种含义,例如:3 q  @, r% V! e& y9 F2 ?
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①His happiness quickly vanished like the morning dew.& D, N3 Z) }' S6 O" T6 ?' D/ z# B; a
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②She wanted to give me the impression of being erudite, but instead she gave me the impression that she knew nothing.
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正像我们在例句中看到的,作者通常会用一些信号词来表明一个词语和另一个词语形成对比关系或互为反义,这无疑为理解和猜测生词词义提供了非常好的线索。常用来表示对照关系或提供相反信息的信号词有:but, yet, however, while, whereas, otherwise, in spite of, despite, even though, although, though, unlike, instead (of), on the other hand, still, by contrast, on the contrary等。
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9 F$ _6 P' Q* _1 Z5 Y, P3 F! ?1 C(五)原因和结果
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2 @* e9 u- f7 H3 I6 T5 R因果关系是事物之间必然的逻辑关系。作者在叙述原因的过程中,必然会把单词或句子置于一种因果关系的逻辑之中,因此只要我们弄清生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系,就有可能推断出生词的词义,例如:
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4 i( }; V# h) T! l2 G①You shouldn’t have criticized him for that, for it wasn’t his fault at all.
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! _9 k/ [( U8 _9 A②Since I could not afford to buy the original painting, I bought a replica.+ ?% F. R/ a) k2 I) u6 G6 e
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另外,我们自身的生活经验和一般常识在猜测词义中也能发挥重要作用,例如:; }3 t9 n2 d6 b, P
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①All the houses in Beichuan County collapsed during the big earthquake.
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②When I passed through the old gate, which was very low, I hit my head on the lintel.
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    需要指出的是,无论是通过结构线索还是通过上下文线索推测出的词义,都只是一种可能性,我们在很多情况下都无法完全确定生词的意思。但是很多情况下我们对这些生词了解到这个程度就足够了。另外,阅读中并不是每遇到一个生词都去查阅辞典,那样做不仅会影响阅读速度和阅读量,而且会挫伤阅读的积极性。究竟何时查阅词典,取决于阅读的目的,取决于生词在文章中的重要程度。
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 楼主| admin 发表于 2012-11-29 17:23:24 | 显示全部楼层
阅读技能(5)— 理解长难句(上)
" b7 r4 C& p% k阅读中我们经常会遇到一些较长的句子,这些句子结构复杂,逻辑性强,理解起来往往有些困难。但是,无论多长的句子、多么复杂的结构,都是由一些基本的成分组成的。只要我们把握好句子的句法结构,找出句子的中心内容,理清各层次之间的逻辑关系,就不难准确地理解它们。
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# u* x( O, p/ G3 E: }分析句法结构) Y8 Y- C0 c, a. k' y& G& H

& g! G9 ]0 q4 O3 ^+ g, ~英语中有些句子之所以较长,是因为它们包含了一个或几个并列结构,或者是包含了多个从句的复合句,因此在分析句法结构时,我们通常首先判断这个句子是并列句还是复合句,例如:6 H: c# u9 K# I3 b

8 p# |  U3 N. ^  h! b9 m1. The thing I like best about them is that your money is going to be a good cause and not into the pockets of profit-driven companies, and you are not damaging the planet, but finding a new home for unwanted goods. (08天津卷B篇)
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该句中的表语从句部分用了两个并列的句子:第一个句子是your money...,第二个句子是you are not...but finding...。
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2. First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance on working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique. (03全国卷C篇). B' h' K3 i- s5 U' w
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这是一个结构比较复杂的复合句, 它包括分词作状语 (put forward…), 介词短语作插入语 (including…), 两个定语从句 (who…, and who…) 以及不定式作目的状语 (in order to…)。
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0 b' k# J9 x7 S0 f从以上例子可以看出,在判断句子的种类时,我们主要通过在句子中寻找结构引导词,比如并列结构一般由and, but, or等并列连词连接,而复合句中的各个从句(名词性从句、定语从句或状语从句)则由能反映逻辑、意义或结构关系的引导词引导。抓住了这些引导词,就抓住了句子的整体结构。
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把握主干部分! V) n% ?. c7 w6 V8 l; W

" t" r3 D$ j  h' G* `* D& e; K在了解了句子的整体结构之后,接下来我们要做的是找出句子的主干部分,也就是整个句子的主语和谓语,例如:
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1. The adventure of the lost book began September 4 when Cory Luxmoore arrived from England to deliver the diary of his ancestor (祖先) to the Library Company, which he and his wife considered to be the best home for the diary. (99全国卷A篇)8 Y0 v, V& P, _. N+ h! T
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这个句子虽然较长, 但我们只要分析一下其结构,就会发现其中心意思非常简单:The adventure began September 4...
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0 P5 [0 U" ~4 @/ p: w, v2. This frightens away non-experts, who are happier going to computer towns where there are computers for them to experiment on, with experts to encourage them and answer any questions they have. (99全国卷B篇) 1 P3 K: Z4 s  Q" O' I

# S9 U- M7 p  p- h  s2 w很明显,该句的主干为:This frightens away non-experts.: T1 s" e& W- k- G
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为了迅速找到句子的主干,我们经常需要先忽略长句中一些不重要的信息。一般地讲,下列部分所包含的是句子的次要信息:
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①由which, who, where引导并由逗号隔开的部分,如:
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  c* u1 L0 }/ U1 fThe president, who is traveling around the country, will visit the city in a few days time.; a( G9 p3 W; f  e8 Z

7 n$ I* m$ g6 }1 U0 B% }②破折号之间的部分,如:. G/ x9 u2 e0 z8 B9 d7 s, |
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However, the real reason lies inside their bodies. At that time – about eight hours after you wake up – your body temperature goes down. This is what makes you slow down and feel sleepy. (08 四川卷C篇)
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③括号内的部分,如:( k$ d7 Q% |/ ~" ^7 z& f

4 M# ~8 l, o3 t. c4 _9 b1 K$ Q# \- ZIn any case, although it is a religious festival (people go to church in the morning), it is the parties and celebrations that follow that make this such a famous event. (Everyone is Irish on St. Patrick’s Day, P5, Issue 309)
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理清逻辑关系1 _0 Y2 f8 j% N7 @% {' Q; l+ Q3 \
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在弄清句子的框架、抓住句子的中心内容后,我们再进一步分析各部分之间的逻辑关系,逐层理清句子的内容。例如:
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This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasure – a 120-page diary kept l90 years ago by Deborah Logan, “a woman who knew everybody in her day”, James Green, the librarian told the magazine American Libraries. (99全国卷A篇)
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: i  e% s9 a4 t# r  q1 Z该句第一层次的内容为:This chance discovery ended a 12-day search,这是句子的主干部分;第二层次的内容是围绕search展开的,by引导的介词短语点明搜寻活动是谁实施和进行的;for的介词短语说明搜寻的目标、内容,这两个介词短语均为定语,修饰名词search;第三层次是a 120-page diary kept 190 years ago by Deborah Logan,该结构是a historical treasure 的同位语,使用破折号对其进行解释、说明;第四层次的内容是围绕Deborah Logan展开的,Deborah Logan何许人也?“a woman who knew everybody in her day”给了明确的回答,此话又是谁说的呢? 最后一句James Green, the librarian told the magazine American Libraries作了说明。通过以上分析,这个长句的内容就清晰明朗了。$ H/ I) @' V# ^
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 楼主| admin 发表于 2012-11-29 17:23:54 | 显示全部楼层
阅读技能(5)— 理解长难句(下)
. U! K% a/ J5 X5 r( j" K; `8 d# O理解特殊句型7 J; |& `+ P, o2 d  u" v3 o
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阅读中我们感到有些句子较难的另外一个原因是它们使用了特殊的句式(如强调、倒装、前置、固定搭配、双重否定等)或省略了较多的成分。理解这类句子的关键是牢固掌握强调句型、倒装结构等相关的语法知识,或者通过还原、扩展等方法化繁为简、化难为易,例如:% V- j3 I3 b( a6 F
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It was then that I realized that I had not really come to help,but to learn about and experience another culture that helped improve my own understanding of life and the world. (08四川卷A篇)" K. I: W" M) B9 a

0 j0 s. q0 k: ^! O9 t/ V3 k这个句子的主干用了强调句型It was then that I realized...,强调时间then,相当于:I then realized that I had not really come to help...。
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$ |* I+ V7 Q) s$ H* @1. The researchers said that among the problems with some earlier studies is that they often failed to take into account those people most at risk for skin cancer people with fair skin and freckles (雀斑), for example, are more likely to use sunscreen. (08福建卷E篇)9 V$ J% [% Q* ~. Q( E

1 h  @; U: }+ U. q+ W这个句子的主体结构为:The research said that...,that后面直至末尾是said的宾语从句。在这个宾语从句中,又含有一个倒装结构,其正常语序为:that they often failed to take into account those people most at risk for skin cancer are more likely to use sunscreen (主语从句) is (系动词) among the problems with some earlier studies (表语)。破折号之间的部分为插入语。上面的主语从句还包含一个固定搭配:take something into account,而本句中处在something位置上的是一个宾语从句:those people most at risk for skin cancer are more likely to use sunscreen,也就是说,into account被前置了,因此这个固定搭配实际上是:take (that) those people most at risk for skin cancer are more likely to use sunscreen into account。
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/ ?+ H" k  b/ T' [2 Z* w2. Excused from recycling (回收) because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute (垃圾道)? You won’t be for long. (00全国卷E篇)
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理解省略句的关键是通过联系上下文找出省略的部分。在这句话中,很明显Excused前面省略了一些成分,从because从句和下一句You won’t be for long可知省略的主语是you,并且时态应该是一般现在时,因此这个补全的句子是:Are you excused from recycling because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute? You won’t be excused for long.
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6 c2 `) s: z$ ~* n0 b: A以上我们简要介绍了理解长难句的一些技巧,下面的句子摘自2008年全国各地高考英语试题的阅读理解部分。准确理解它们,对理解文章和做好相应的试题至关重要。请同学们仔细领会每个句子后面的解析,然后总结一下理解长难句一般的思路和方法。/ t0 }- d# i+ h! m3 j/ B0 y

3 U! I! L2 C! ]+ B1 `Wilson suggests changing this situation by looking into ten thousand species that could be made use of, which will be a way to reduce the clearing of the natural homes of plants and animals to enlarge farming areas. (全国卷E篇)' D( Y' f# S5 g' l
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解析:这是一个复合句,包含两个不同层次的定语从句。句子的主干部分是:Wilson suggests changing this situation;which引导的非限制性定语从句是第二层结构,which替代changing...use of;第三层结构是不定式 to reduce...animals,作定语修饰a way;第四层结构是不定式to enlarge...areas,作目的状语修饰clearing。另外,that could be made use of是限制性定语从句,修饰species。
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Yocum and Bell, who have just completed an art gallery for the city, feel that the experience from decoration of their building, focusing on the inside rather than the outside, has influenced their work. (湖南卷B篇)
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1 b# `' X- r$ V+ R# [解析:这是一个复合句,包含一个定语从句和一个宾语从句。它的主干部分是Yocum and Bell feel that the experience has influenced their work;who引导的是非限制性定语从句,修饰Yocum and Bell;介词短语from decoration of their building和现在分词短语focusing on the inside rather than the outside均作experience的定语。$ c" u( k1 g' b; }8 a3 X, _9 B
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These brain differences also explain the fact that more men take up jobs that require good spatial skills, while more women speech skills. It may all go back to our ancestors (祖先), among whom women needed speech skills to take care of their babies and men ( z: J# B# @0 u# g4 l! F* b
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needed spatial skills to hunt, according to one research. (陕西卷E篇)8 d0 L, m0 x$ s) K/ q8 m- g

5 I$ Y! l" D8 T9 d8 D        解析:这两个句子都是复合句。第一个句子的主干部分是:These brain differences explain the fact。该句包含一个由that引导的同位语从句,作fact的同位语;这个同位语从句又是由while连接的两个并列句构成的,while前面的部分还包含一个由that引导的定语从句,修饰jobs;more women之后省去了与前半句中相同的take up jobs that require。第二个句子的主干部分是:It may all go back to our ancestors;according to one research在句中作状语;among whom…to hunt是介词+关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句,修饰ancestors;在这个定语从句中,又包含两个由and连接的并列句。
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 楼主| admin 发表于 2012-11-29 17:24:25 | 显示全部楼层
阅读技能(6)— 理解句子间的关系(上); q$ s  @7 L7 w0 K- n* J
在写作过程中,为了给读者提供理解上的方便,作者经常使用适当的语言成分或连接方式,将相对独立的句子组合在一起,把思想和情感清晰地传达给读者。因此我们说,一个好的段落,一篇好的文章,不是一组句子的简单堆砌,而是一个逻辑清晰、语义连贯、衔接自然的有机整体。& f' l: X% k- P1 J' J

$ l6 Y( s: e$ S  w# M7 |    语义衔接的方式是多种多样的,如使用代词、同义词替换、使用语篇标示词、省略等等。阅读中我们应当抓住这个特点,充分利用这些连接方式,帮助理解句子之间的逻辑关系,实现与作者的沟通与交流。下面我们简要分析一下常见的语义衔接方式。
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一、使用代词* s% c6 Q* [+ Q' c7 A$ q

4 w, q" L- |# q' I: Q包括使用人称代词、物主代词、指示代词等,例如:3 B! d9 Q& e3 g1 x

1 p' e, y2 o9 L, u; d5 U! BChemistry is not just a subject you study in school. It is also important in the success of a team. (Brothers on Court, P5, Issue 339)
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  J$ N& D. H0 P$ \2 ?/ ryou在这里指“读者”(众所周知,绝大部分是中学生)。作者通过you的使用,不仅避免了使用high school students,使语言更加简洁,而且拉近了作者和读者之间的距离,有利于抓住读者的注意力,激发读者的阅读兴趣;It则指代Chemistry,不仅避免了Chemistry这个名词不必要的重复,而且使本来看似互不相关的两个句子变成了一个有机的整体。+ c* y7 ]/ l9 c5 x0 s' ^

0 d. K; g" [0 V; b分析这种指代关系有时会让人感觉小题大做,因为经验丰富的读者很难相信有人会在这方面遇到任何困难,然而事情并不总像我们想象的那样简单:
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It began with a huge mistake. Bill Bass, professor of forensic anthropology (法医人类学) at the University of Tennessee, US, got a corpse’s time of death wrong by more than a century.  h6 h9 U* j% E% H
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“This was Colonel Shy,” the 80-year-old recalls. “He was killed in the Battle of Nashville in 1864, during the Civil War.” But when his coffin was discovered in the 1970s, Prof Bass found the body was so very well preserved that it got pink tissues (组织).: I& e( d8 ~+ T0 H2 x5 ]. u; v

1 P8 |" }1 [/ j! `  U  ?“Nobody had ever looked at what happens to bodies in coffins. So my experience said this had to be somebody who died within the last six months.”  Q1 I* o# G: p- T# k8 h! U

6 I5 x( H3 }" |* |- ]6 `It was a serious example of a growing problem. When helping the state police investigate bodies, Prof Bass found it was hard to work out how long they had been dead. He felt there was a need to study bodies as they decompose (分解)… (Dating the dead, P6, Issue 339)
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: O! _! m- ]4 [& g8 z5 n; X文章开篇的It究竟指什么?直到读完上面全部的内容,我们才发现,It是指Study of the corpse,这是我们分析上面的全部内容之后总结出来的,而准确把握这一点,对于从整体上把握文章的内容至关重要。
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5 t% a" H" h! F" i2 y1 n- A  {二、同义词替换) R; Q1 ?) H4 K1 H7 J- b4 ^* ^

# V7 r3 t: O& S& @; ~* I5 w请看下面的例子:
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Today, the possibility is very real and America is looking at Hillary Rodham Clinton. The wife of former president Bill Clinton is running to be the US’s first-ever female president. She has given the strongest performance from a female candidate (候选人) ever and is neck and neck with the other Democratic (民主党) candidate in the race. (Leading ladies, P2, Issue 312, Senior 1 Edition)' Z8 A$ ^5 Y3 |
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在本段中,Hillary Rodham Clinton、wife of former president Bill Clinton和female candidate ever均指同一个人。作者通过同义词替换,一方面避免了单调重复,另一方面使整个段落的语义衔接更加紧密。( N' t& V7 B: I. X- b5 k: H! `

( X2 N- G0 L8 `* F; L" |三、使用语篇标示词
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语篇标识词是指在上下文中起连接作用,表明句与句之间逻辑关系的词语。如表示举例关系的for example, for instance,表示转折关系的but, however, although,表示因果关系的because, since,表示顺承关系的so, and和表示对比关系的while, whereas, in contrast等。我们来看下面的例子:; S% M( m; A4 ~+ C3 x0 H. W
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Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat, and the play was very interesting. But I did not enjoy it, because a young couple behind me made a lot of noise so that I could not hear the actors. In the end, I turned round and said to the man and woman angrily, “I can’t hear a word!” But the young man said rudely, “It’s none of your business. It’s a private conversation!” (A Private Conversation, Book 2, New Concept English)5 @; o# ~' p6 Q8 M& w% ]. o6 I

% g, Z: `" ~! f3 I2 O/ S% j2 y很显然,抓住这些语篇标识词,能帮助我们更快更好地把握文章的脉络,理清作者的思路,准确理解作者所要表达的内容。
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3 D  c* p: v+ P5 t/ F* ]四、省略
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; N  H: z- R5 t" W) s; _  T为了使文章言简意赅,提高语言交际的效率,作者通常会省略掉他们认为读者已经明确的信息,例如:2 {0 t  \/ G; k

/ z) e+ X5 G9 eWe agreed that she should be taken to hospital and her house locked.
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这种省略实际上使语义衔接更加紧密了。但作者通常不会提供任何暗示,提醒读者省略会在何时何地出现,这往往给理解能力较弱的读者带来困难。如果将省略部分加上,这个句子则变成:6 v+ l7 }  [' F# K# T- ?
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We agreed that she should be taken to hospital and we agreed that her house should be locked.1 w6 ^9 o- \& z7 {0 L
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   这样虽然利于理解,但是句式笨拙,拖泥带水。这个例子还从反面说明了使用省略的必要性。/ ?5 H8 _5 j1 l1 p! r

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 楼主| admin 发表于 2012-11-29 17:24:52 | 显示全部楼层
阅读技能(6)— 理解句子间的关系(下)$ o3 z9 A( ^; ]( y: g
语义衔接并不总是通过使用代词、同义词替换、语篇标示词等显性的语言成分或连接方式来实现的。换句话说,语义贯通不是由上述连接方式决定的。阅读中我们经常发现这种情况,即使文章中没有出现语篇标示词等连接方式,语义依然贯通,例如:
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& Z  o% i* ~, c. _John:  I’d like a cup of tea.* h# M( k( d/ u: }1 F/ P8 ]
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Mary:  It’s half past two already.8 q2 D" _8 ?4 V+ L  }
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从表面上看,这两个句子之间没有任何联系,但是这种对话在日常生活中是十分常见的,比如我们可以推测Mary可能担心迟到,或者出于其他的两人共知的原因而不鼓励John喝茶。如果不考虑语言的简练,Mary可能会说这样的话:" x( X4 p& P! ~
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Mary: You’d better not have a cup of tea, or we’ll be late. You know we’ll meet Dr Smith in his office at three o’clock this afternoon, and it’s half past two already.
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除非出于某种特殊的目的,上述话语显然不大可能出现在日常交际中,因为在这个谈话发生时,John和Mary说不定已经开始为会见Dr Smith做准备了,Mary根本没必要再把下午三点和Dr Smith会面的计划重复一遍。因此John和Mary谈话的语义衔接是靠两人共知的内容为基础的,这种隐性的衔接方式也经常出现在书面语中:' G9 y3 V. \  _! Z1 V$ R1 q
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例1:Suddenly from the dark road ahead came a terrible screaming. John’s hands tightened on his gun.+ }/ u+ i$ P. |, g, \/ w( f

  M4 `  \% |' Q0 ]我们之所以认为这两个句子语义连贯,是因为生活常识告诉我们,尖叫往往和危险联系在一起,而且听到尖叫后,人的正常反应通常是准备自卫等。虽然这些没有在文章中写明,但我们仍旧可以根据这两个句子的字面意思、排列顺序等,判断它们存在这样的联系,这也是我们平常所说的“读懂字里行间的意思”(Read between the lines)的一种形式。不然的话,即便读懂了文章中的每个单词,我们还是无法清晰、完整地理解文章的含义。, ?/ S0 x6 A5 W' D

% B. I) R; `2 z0 W7 J- m3 n) R1 ?例2:When the male meets the female in the mating season (交配季节), the two intertwine (缠绕在一起). ①The process looks rather laborious (漫长而艰苦的) but at least it is not dangerous. ②Millipedes (千足虫) are entirely vegetarian (素食主义者).( ?8 f7 z9 k- O

' J; N  @' C* Z4 N! ^句①是说(交配)过程看上去漫长而艰苦,但是至少没有危险,句②则说千足虫是彻底的素食主义者。作者为什么把这样两个看似互不相干的句子放在一起呢?要准确理解这两个句子之间的联系,需要具备以下背景知识:有些种类的昆虫在交配之后,一个昆虫会把另一个吃掉,因此对它们来说,交配具有危险性。既然千足虫是彻底的素食主义者,当然就不会有这种危险了。% b9 h0 k- V* {: v, [6 l1 y. `9 p8 Q
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从以上例子可以看出,句子在文章中排列的顺序、读者的知识经验以及推理判断能力等都会对准确理解句子之间的逻辑关系起到非常重要的作用。
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& B- W8 t, J6 M2 s, x现在我们做一个练习,从不同的角度体会一下语义连贯对语篇的重要性。请你阅读下面一组句子,仔细考虑各个句子之间可能存在的语义联系,然后在不改变句子基本意思的前提下,发挥你的想象力,把它们改写成一段语义贯通的短文。
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①A man put some chocolate into a drawer.
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; O8 `  J* I! O9 G9 c$ ~②James Brown forgot about some chocolate." x: ?* S' C5 P4 C; y
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③A man bought some chocolate for Mrs Brown.
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. P2 C  u2 [2 b- ^( N$ C- w3 b# s/ S我们发现,这些句子都和同一个情景有关,但是句子的顺序混乱,并且叙述得不够清晰。现在我们把它们重新排列一下:. {6 z: r# [, t% K5 r9 s5 I$ F( g
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①A man bought some chocolate for Mrs Brown.8 f5 P, C2 {+ _4 K/ U' Y
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②A man put some chocolate into a drawer." q! [! q& M& [2 E

+ T! J) P$ q5 Z6 v③James Brown forgot about some chocolate.
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如果我们想象James Brown和A man是指同一个人,chocolate在各个句子中是同一事物的话,就会发现作者是想给我们讲一个故事。如果结合前面所学习的语义连接的各种方式,把这三个句子按照我们设想的情节稍加变通,就可能写出如下的短文:- ]/ U1 Q: f. Z! Z; r

, z( _1 g$ K, U$ f+ |One day James Brown bought some chocolate for his wife. However, he put the present into a drawer and forgot about it.! `9 x; [' o) r  l5 [5 f4 h& V' f, U  Z
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这样,本来次序混乱、一盘散沙的一组句子,变成了一个叙事清楚、语义贯通的小故事。现在请你对照前面的三个句子,找出每一处改动的地方,从语义衔接和语义连贯的角度想一想,为什么会做这样的改动。
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; L0 V4 y1 i: Q3 b% g当然,这个小故事只是众多可能的故事情节中的一种,比如我们还可以想象Mrs Brown和James Brown是母子关系等。这种练习的目的是希望同学们在写作中一定要重视句子之间语义的衔接和连贯,这是保证文章言之有物的前提。* f, X# o* {7 K
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